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📘 Citation and References in the Text of Report (APA Style) Citation means giving credit to the original author when we use their ideas, words, or research in our report. In business academics of Nepal, APA style is commonly used. Methods of Citation in the Text of report 1. Short Citation (Less than 3 lines) When a quotation is three lines or less , it is written: Inside double quotation marks (“ ”) Within the same paragraph Author’s surname + year + page number in bracket Example: According to Robbins (2019), “Management is the process of coordinating work activities efficiently and effectively” (p. 5). OR “Management is the process of coordinating work activities efficiently and effectively” (Robbins, 2019, p. 5). 2. Long Citation (More than 3 lines) When a quotation is more than three lines : Written in a separate paragraph Indented from left No quotation marks used Author name, year, and page number mentioned Example: Robbins (2019) stated: Managem...

Class 11-Chapter 13 -Office management

February 08, 2026

Meaning of Office An office is an important place in an organization where administrative, managerial, and clerical activities are carried out. It acts as the center of information, communication, and control of an organization. In an office, tasks such as record keeping, correspondence, filing, planning, decision-making, and coordination are performed to support the smooth functioning of business or institutional activities. The office helps in collecting, processing, storing, and distributing information required by management for effective planning and control. It also serves as a link between different departments and between the organization and the outside world, such as customers, suppliers, and government agencies. Without an office, it would be difficult to maintain discipline, efficiency, and continuity in organizational work. An office may be found in business organizations, schools, colleges, banks, hospitals, industries, and government institutions . Wi...

HRM-BBS 2nd yr Chapter 2

February 03, 2026

Methods of Job Design (कार्य डिजाइनका विधिहरू) परिचय कार्य डिजाइन (Job Design) भनेको संस्थामा गरिने कामलाई यसरी संरचना गर्ने प्रक्रिया हो जसबाट कुन काम कसरी, कति र कसले गर्ने भन्ने कुरा स्पष्ट हुन्छ। राम्रो कार्य डिजाइनले कर्मचारीको क्षमता, सन्तुष्टि, प्रेरणा र उत्पादकता बढाउँछ। कमजोर कार्य डिजाइनले दिक्कपन, अनुपस्थिती र कार्यक्षमतामा कमी ल्याउँछ। त्यसैले आधुनिक व्यवस्थापनमा कार्य डिजाइन अत्यन्त महत्वपूर्ण मानिन्छ। कार्य डिजाइनका प्रमुख विधिहरू निम्न अनुसार छन्: 1. Job Rotation (कार्य परिक्रमा विधि) यस विधिमा कर्मचारीलाई निश्चित समय अन्तरालमा फरक–फरक काममा सारिन्छ । यसले एउटै काम लामो समयसम्म गर्दा आउने दिक्कपन घटाउँछ र कर्मचारीलाई बहु–सीपयुक्त बनाउँछ। साथै आकस्मिक अनुपस्थितिमा पनि काम नरोकिने फाइदा हुन्छ। उदाहरण: बैंक वा उद्योगमा कर्मचारीलाई विभिन्न विभागमा पालैपालो काम गराउनु। 2. Job Enlargement (कार्य विस्तार विधि) यस विधिमा कर्मचारीलाई उही तहका थप कार्यहरू प्रदान गरिन्छ। यसले कामको दायरा बढाउँछ तर अधिकार र जिम्मेवारीको स्तर भने परिवर्तन हुँदैन। यसले कामलाई केही ...

Class 11 :business studies: chapter 12: Taxation

February 02, 2026

Introduction to tax Tax is a compulsory financial charge imposed by the government on individuals, businesses, and organizations to generate public revenue . It is collected without any direct or immediate benefit to the taxpayer. Taxes are used by the government to finance public expenditure such as development projects, education, health services, infrastructure, defense, and social welfare programs. Tax is an important instrument of fiscal policy , helping the government to reduce income inequality, control inflation, and promote economic stability and growth . Every citizen and business is legally required to pay tax according to the prevailing tax laws of the country. Features / Characteristics of Tax 1. Compulsory Payment Tax is a mandatory payment imposed by the government on individuals, households, and business organizations. No one can refuse to pay tax if it is legally applicable. Non-payment of tax results in penalties, fines, or legal action. 2. Sour...

BBS 2nd yr HRM CHAPTER 2

January 27, 2026

Job design and job analysis १. Job (/ काम) Job भन्नाले कुनै व्यक्ति द्वारा संस्था वा संगठनका लागि पारिश्रमिक (तलब) को बदलामा नियमित रूपमा गरिने काम तथा जिम्मेवारीहरूको समष्टिलाई बुझिन्छ। Job निश्चित संस्थासँग सम्बन्धित हुन्छ र यसमा विभिन्न कार्य तथा कर्तव्यहरू समावेश हुन्छन्। उदाहरण: कलेजमा अध्यापन गर्नु शिक्षकको job हो। २. Task (कार्य) Task भन्नाले job भित्र समावेश हुने सानो–सानो, विशिष्ट तथा निश्चित कामलाई जनाउँछ। एउटा job पूरा गर्न धेरै task हरू गर्नुपर्छ। Task job को आधारभूत एकाइ हो। उदाहरण: लेक्चर तयार गर्नु, कक्षा लिनु, उत्तरपुस्तिका जाँच गर्नु शिक्षकका task हरू हुन्। ३. Position (पद) Position भन्नाले कुनै संगठनभित्र एउटा व्यक्तिले धारण गरेको औपचारिक पद वा स्थानलाई जनाउँछ। Position सीमित संख्यामा हुन्छ र प्रत्येक position सँग निश्चित अधिकार, कर्तव्य तथा जिम्मेवारी जोडिएको हुन्छ। उदाहरण: सिमरा कलेजको Management Lecturer एउटा position हो। ४. Occupation (पेशा) Occupation भन्नाले मानिसहरू जीवनयापनको लागि अपनाउने व्यापक प्रकारको काम वा पेशालाई बुझिन्छ। यसमा ...

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