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HRM-BBS 2nd yr Chapter 2

  Methods of Job Design (कार्य डिजाइनका विधिहरू) परिचय कार्य डिजाइन (Job Design) भनेको संस्थामा गरिने कामलाई यसरी संरचना गर्ने प्रक्रिया हो जसबाट कुन काम कसरी, कति र कसले गर्ने भन्ने कुरा स्पष्ट हुन्छ। राम्रो कार्य डिजाइनले कर्मचारीको क्षमता, सन्तुष्टि, प्रेरणा र उत्पादकता बढाउँछ। कमजोर कार्य डिजाइनले दिक्कपन, अनुपस्थिती र कार्यक्षमतामा कमी ल्याउँछ। त्यसैले आधुनिक व्यवस्थापनमा कार्य डिजाइन अत्यन्त महत्वपूर्ण मानिन्छ। कार्य डिजाइनका प्रमुख विधिहरू निम्न अनुसार छन्: 1. Job Rotation (कार्य परिक्रमा विधि) यस विधिमा कर्मचारीलाई निश्चित समय अन्तरालमा फरक–फरक काममा सारिन्छ । यसले एउटै काम लामो समयसम्म गर्दा आउने दिक्कपन घटाउँछ र कर्मचारीलाई बहु–सीपयुक्त बनाउँछ। साथै आकस्मिक अनुपस्थितिमा पनि काम नरोकिने फाइदा हुन्छ। उदाहरण: बैंक वा उद्योगमा कर्मचारीलाई विभिन्न विभागमा पालैपालो काम गराउनु। 2. Job Enlargement (कार्य विस्तार विधि) यस विधिमा कर्मचारीलाई उही तहका थप कार्यहरू प्रदान गरिन्छ। यसले कामको दायरा बढाउँछ तर अधिकार र जिम्मेवारीको स्तर भने परिवर्तन हुँदैन। यसले कामलाई केही ...
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Class 11 :business studies: chapter 12: Taxation

  Introduction to tax Tax is a compulsory financial charge imposed by the government on individuals, businesses, and organizations to generate public revenue . It is collected without any direct or immediate benefit to the taxpayer. Taxes are used by the government to finance public expenditure such as development projects, education, health services, infrastructure, defense, and social welfare programs. Tax is an important instrument of fiscal policy , helping the government to reduce income inequality, control inflation, and promote economic stability and growth . Every citizen and business is legally required to pay tax according to the prevailing tax laws of the country. Alright, let’s go full detail , clean and exam-ready , exactly matching your book diagrams. This will comfortably fetch 8–10 marks 👍 Features / Characteristics of Tax  1. Compulsory Payment Tax is a mandatory payment imposed by the government on individuals, households, and business organizatio...
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BBS 2nd yr HRM CHAPTER 2

  Job design and job analysis १. Job (/ काम) Job भन्नाले कुनै व्यक्ति द्वारा संस्था वा संगठनका लागि पारिश्रमिक (तलब) को बदलामा नियमित रूपमा गरिने काम तथा जिम्मेवारीहरूको समष्टिलाई बुझिन्छ। Job निश्चित संस्थासँग सम्बन्धित हुन्छ र यसमा विभिन्न कार्य तथा कर्तव्यहरू समावेश हुन्छन्। उदाहरण: कलेजमा अध्यापन गर्नु शिक्षकको job हो। २. Task (कार्य) Task भन्नाले job भित्र समावेश हुने सानो–सानो, विशिष्ट तथा निश्चित कामलाई जनाउँछ। एउटा job पूरा गर्न धेरै task हरू गर्नुपर्छ। Task job को आधारभूत एकाइ हो। उदाहरण: लेक्चर तयार गर्नु, कक्षा लिनु, उत्तरपुस्तिका जाँच गर्नु शिक्षकका task हरू हुन्। ३. Position (पद) Position भन्नाले कुनै संगठनभित्र एउटा व्यक्तिले धारण गरेको औपचारिक पद वा स्थानलाई जनाउँछ। Position सीमित संख्यामा हुन्छ र प्रत्येक position सँग निश्चित अधिकार, कर्तव्य तथा जिम्मेवारी जोडिएको हुन्छ। उदाहरण: सिमरा कलेजको Management Lecturer एउटा position हो। ४. Occupation (पेशा) Occupation भन्नाले मानिसहरू जीवनयापनको लागि अपनाउने व्यापक प्रकारको काम वा पेशालाई बुझिन्छ। यसमा ...
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 Title: A Study on Students’ Satisfaction with Teaching–Learning Process Introduction Dear Respondent, This questionnaire is prepared for academic research purposes only. The information provided by you will be kept confidential and used only for study and analysis. Please tick (✓) the appropriate option or write your answer where required. Part A: Personal Information (Please tick ✓) Gender: ☐ Male ☐ Female ☐ Other Age group: ☐ Below 18 ☐ 18–22 ☐ 23–27 ☐ Above 27 Level of study: ☐ +2 ☐ Bachelor ☐ Master Faculty: ☐ Management ☐ Education ☐ Humanities ☐ Others Part B: Closed-ended Questions Are you satisfied with the teaching methods used by teachers? ☐ Highly satisfied ☐ Satisfied ☐ Neutral ☐ Dissatisfied ☐ Highly dissatisfied Do teachers come to class regularly? ☐ Always ☐ Often ☐ Sometimes ☐ Never Is the syllabus completed on time? ☐ Yes ☐ No Are teaching materials (notes, slides, books) sufficient? ☐ Yes ☐ No Do you understand the subject clearly after class? ☐ Yes ☐ No Part C: ...
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Resrarch BBS- CHAPTER 5

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 Types of data basis of Source a ) Primary Data Primary data is the data collected first-hand by the researcher for a specific research purpose. Methods of collection: Questionnaire Interview Observation Experiment Survey Examples: Responses collected from students about online classes Data collected directly from customers in a market survey Merit: Original and accurate Demerit: Time-consuming and costly b) Secondary Data Secondary data is the data already collected and published by others and used by the researcher. Sources: Books and journals Government reports Newspapers and magazines Websites Research theses Examples: Census data Published economic reports Merit: Economical and easily available Demerit: May be outdated or less suitable Importance of Secondary Data in Business Research Secondary data refers to the data already collected by other organizations or individuals for purposes other than the current research. It plays a very important role in business research for the...
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OB-BBS 2nd yr-Chapter 2

  अपरेन्ट कन्डिसनिङ (Operant Conditioning) सिद्धान्त (१५ अङ्कको परीक्षामुखी उत्तर) अपरेन्ट कन्डिसनिङ सिद्धान्त व्यवहारवादी मनोवैज्ञानिक बी. एफ. स्किनर (B. F. Skinner) द्वारा प्रतिपादन गरिएको सिकाइसम्बन्धी सिद्धान्त हो। यस सिद्धान्तअनुसार सिकाइ भनेको व्यवहारको परिणाम (consequences) का आधारमा व्यवहारमा आउने परिवर्तन हो। कुनै व्यवहारपछि यदि पुरस्कार वा प्रोत्साहन प्राप्त भयो भने त्यो व्यवहार दोहोरिने सम्भावना बढ्छ, र यदि दण्ड प्राप्त भयो भने त्यस्तो व्यवहार घट्दै जान्छ। यसरी वातावरणसँगको अन्तरक्रियाबाट व्यवहार सिकिन्छ। परिभाषा अपरेन्ट कन्डिसनिङ भनेको यस्तो सिकाइ प्रक्रिया हो जसमा व्यवहारपछि आउने प्रोत्साहन वा दण्डले त्यस व्यवहारको आवृत्ति निर्धारण गर्छ । अपरेन्ट कन्डिसनिङका मुख्य तत्त्वहरू १. प्रोत्साहन (Reinforcement) प्रोत्साहन भनेको कुनै व्यवहारलाई बढाउने प्रक्रिया हो। (क) सकारात्मक प्रोत्साहन (Positive Reinforcement) राम्रो व्यवहारपछि सुखद कुरा थप्नु । उदाहरण: राम्रो पढाइका लागि विद्यार्थीलाई पुरस्कार दिनु उदाहरण: राम्रो कामका लागि कर्मचारीलाई प्रशंसा वा बोनस दिन...
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Class 11-chapter 11

  Chapter-11   Risk and insurance   Meaning of Business Risk  Business risk means the possibility that a business may face loss or may not earn the expected profit because the future is uncertain. It arises from factors that affect the normal working of a business, such as changes in customer demand, increase in production costs, competition, changes in government rules, or natural events. Since these factors cannot be fully controlled by the business, profit is never guaranteed. Business risk exists in every type of business, whether small or large. The chance of failure, loss, or lower income due to uncertain business conditions is known as business risk. Meaning of Insurance  Insurance is a method of protection against financial loss caused by unexpected events such as accidents, illness, fire, theft, or death. It works on the principle of risk sharing, where many people contribute a small amount of money called a premium to an insurance company. In return,...
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