sonikarki

 Job satisfaction  कार्य सन्तुष्टि कार्य सन्तुष्टिको अवधारणा (Concept of Job Satisfaction) कार्य सन्तुष्टि (Job Satisfaction) भनेको कर्मचारीले आफ्नो काम, कार्य वातावरण, पारिश्रमिक, पदोन्नति, सहकर्मी तथा व्यवस्थापनप्रति अनुभव गर्ने सन्तोष, खुशी र सकारात्मक भावनाको अवस्था हो। यो कर्मचारीको कामप्रतिको मनोवैज्ञानिक तथा भावनात्मक प्रतिक्रिया हो। कार्य सन्तुष्टिको अवधारणाले कर्मचारीको आवश्यकता, अपेक्षा र वास्तविक प्राप्तिबीचको सम्बन्धलाई जोड दिन्छ। जब कर्मचारीका अपेक्षा र आवश्यकताहरू कामबाट पूरा हुन्छन्, तब ऊ आफ्नो कामप्रति सन्तुष्ट हुन्छ। विपरीत अवस्थामा असन्तुष्टि उत्पन्न हुन्छ। कार्य सन्तुष्टि केवल तलब वा आर्थिक सुविधासँग मात्र सम्बन्धित हुँदैन; यसमा कार्यको प्रकृति, कार्यस्थलको वातावरण, सहकर्मी तथा माथिल्लो तहका अधिकारीसँगको सम्बन्ध, पदोन्नतिको अवसर, सुरक्षा, सम्मान तथा व्यक्तिगत विकासका अवसरहरू पनि समावेश हुन्छन्। उच्च स्तरको कार्य सन्तुष्टिले कर्मचारीको मनोबल, उत्पादकत्व, प्रतिबद्धता तथा कार्यसम्पादनमा सकारात्मक प्रभाव पार्छ भने न्यून कार्य सन्तुष्टिले अनुपस्थिति, कर्मचारी...

  Political Environment  Definition: Political environment refers to the political system, government policies, laws, regulations, political institutions, and political activities that influence the operations and decisions of businesses and other organizations within a country. It determines the extent to which the government intervenes in economic and business activities and creates opportunities as well as challenges for organizations. According to William F. Glueck , the political environment consists of government actions, political conditions, and legal frameworks that affect business operations and decision-making. Explanation The political environment includes: Government structure and stability Political ideology and policies Laws and regulations Taxation policies Labor laws Trade and investment policies Political parties and pressure groups International political relations A stable political environment promotes economic growth, investment, and busin...

Chapter 2: literature review Concept of literature review Literature Review is a systematic and critical examination of books, journals, research articles, theses, reports, and other related materials concerning a particular research problem or topic. It enables the researcher to understand previous studies, identify research gaps, establish theoretical foundations, and develop a clear direction for further investigation.   In research, literature review serves as an essential foundation because it provides knowledge about existing findings and helps the researcher conduct the study in a scientific and organized manner. According to researchers, literature review is the process of collecting, reviewing, analyzing, and summarizing existing knowledge related to a research problem. साहित्य समीक्षा (Literature Review) भनेको कुनै अनुसन्धान विषय वा समस्यासँग सम्बन्धित पुस्तक, जर्नल, अनुसन्धान लेख, thesis, प्रतिवेदन तथा अन्य प्रकाशित वा अप्रकाशित सामग्रीहरूको व्यवस्थित, आलोचनात्मक त...

  Components of Inferential Statistics (Detailed Explanation) Inferential statistics is a branch of statistics that helps researchers make conclusions, predictions, and decisions about a population based on sample data. It is widely used in research, business, economics, management, and social sciences. The main components of inferential statistics mentioned in your syllabus are: Measures of Correlation Statistical Significance Basic Forecasting Tools Regression Analysis One-Way ANOVA Chi-Square Test Statistical Testing of Hypothesis 1. Measures of Correlation Correlation measures the degree and direction of relationship between two variables. For example: Relationship between advertisement and sales Relationship between income and consumption Types of Correlation (a) Positive Correlation When both variables move in the same direction. Example: Increase in study hours increases marks. (b) Negative Correlation When one variable increases and another decre...

  Recruitment (भर्ना ) Recruitment भनेको कुनै संस्था, कार्यालय, उद्योग वा व्यवसायमा खाली भएको पद पूर्ति गर्न आवश्यक योग्य, दक्ष र सक्षम व्यक्तिहरूलाई खोज्ने, आकर्षित गर्ने तथा आवेदन दिन प्रेरित गर्ने प्रक्रिया हो। यो मानव संसाधन व्यवस्थापन (Human Resource Management) को महत्वपूर्ण कार्य हो। Recruitment को मुख्य उद्देश्य संस्थाका लागि सही समयमा सही व्यक्ति उपलब्ध गराउनु हो। जब कुनै संस्थामा नयाँ पद सिर्जना हुन्छ वा पुरानो कर्मचारीले जागिर छोड्छ, अवकाश लिन्छ वा स्थानान्तरण हुन्छ, तब संस्थालाई नयाँ कर्मचारीको आवश्यकता पर्छ। यस्तो अवस्थामा संस्था वा कम्पनीले विभिन्न माध्यम प्रयोग गरेर योग्य व्यक्तिहरू खोज्छ। समाचारपत्र, रेडियो, टेलिभिजन, सामाजिक सञ्जाल, वेबसाइट, रोजगार कार्यालय, क्याम्पस वा कर्मचारी सिफारिसजस्ता माध्यमबाट सूचना प्रकाशित गरिन्छ। यसरी योग्य व्यक्तिलाई आवेदन दिन आकर्षित गर्ने सम्पूर्ण प्रक्रियालाई Recruitment भनिन्छ। Recruitment प्रक्रियाले संस्थालाई धेरै उम्मेदवारहरूमध्ये उपयुक्त व्यक्तिलाई छनोट गर्न अवसर प्रदान गर्छ। राम्रो Recruitment प्रणाली भएको संस्थाले दक्ष र इम...