BESM chapter 1
Environment Analysis Process (पर्यावरण विश्लेषण प्रक्रिया)
Introduction (परिचय)
Environment analysis is the systematic process of examining the internal and external factors that influence the performance and decision-making of an organization. It helps organizations identify opportunities and threats in the business environment.
पर्यावरण विश्लेषण भन्नाले संस्थालाई प्रभाव पार्ने आन्तरिक तथा बाह्य वातावरणीय तत्वहरूको व्यवस्थित अध्ययन गर्ने प्रक्रिया हो। यसले संस्थालाई वातावरणमा रहेका अवसर (opportunities) र चुनौती/खतरा (threats) पहिचान गर्न मद्दत गर्छ।
Environment analysis process generally includes four major steps.
पर्यावरण विश्लेषण प्रक्रियामा सामान्यतया चार प्रमुख चरणहरू हुन्छन्।
1. Environmental Scanning (पर्यावरण स्क्यानिङ)
Environmental scanning is the process of identifying and collecting information about environmental factors that may affect the organization. It helps managers become aware of changes occurring in the business environment.
पर्यावरण स्क्यानिङ भन्नाले संस्थालाई प्रभाव पार्न सक्ने वातावरणीय तत्वहरू पहिचान गर्ने र जानकारी संकलन गर्ने प्रक्रिया हो। यसले व्यवस्थापकलाई वातावरणमा भइरहेका परिवर्तनबारे सचेत बनाउँछ।
Sources of scanning:
- Government policy
- Economic condition
- Social changes
- Technological development
Example:
A company studies government tax policies before starting a new business.
उदाहरण:
नयाँ व्यवसाय सुरु गर्नु अघि कम्पनीले सरकारको कर नीति अध्ययन गर्छ।
2. Environmental Monitoring (पर्यावरण निगरानी)
Environmental monitoring refers to regularly observing environmental changes to identify trends and patterns. It helps businesses understand how environmental factors are developing over time.
पर्यावरण निगरानी भन्नाले वातावरणमा भइरहेका परिवर्तनलाई निरन्तर अवलोकन गरी त्यसको प्रवृत्ति (trend) बुझ्ने प्रक्रिया हो।
Monitoring helps organizations:
- Track environmental changes
- Identify trends
- Reduce uncertainty
Example:
A business continuously observes customer preferences and market demand.
उदाहरण:
कुनै कम्पनीले ग्राहकको रुचि र बजारको मागलाई निरन्तर अध्ययन गर्छ।
3. Environmental Forecasting (पर्यावरण पूर्वानुमान)
Environmental forecasting is the process of predicting future environmental conditions based on current information and trends. It helps managers prepare strategies for future changes.
पर्यावरण पूर्वानुमान भन्नाले वर्तमान जानकारी र प्रवृत्तिको आधारमा भविष्यमा वातावरणमा कस्तो परिवर्तन आउन सक्छ भन्ने अनुमान गर्ने प्रक्रिया हो।
Forecasting helps organizations:
- Prepare future plans
- Reduce risk
- Identify opportunities
Example:
A company predicts that the demand for electric vehicles will increase in the future.
उदाहरण:
कम्पनीले भविष्यमा विद्युतीय सवारीको माग बढ्ने अनुमान गर्छ।
4. Environmental Assessment (पर्यावरण मूल्याङ्कन)
Environmental assessment is the process of evaluating the impact of environmental changes on the organization. It helps managers determine which opportunities should be exploited and which threats should be avoided.
पर्यावरण मूल्याङ्कन भन्नाले वातावरणीय परिवर्तनले संस्थामा कस्तो प्रभाव पार्छ भन्ने मूल्याङ्कन गर्ने प्रक्रिया हो। यसले संस्थालाई अवसरको उपयोग गर्न र जोखिमबाट बच्न मद्दत गर्छ।
Assessment helps organizations:
- Identify opportunities
- Identify threats
- Make strategic decisions
Example:
A company evaluates how a new government tax policy will affect its profit.
उदाहरण:
कम्पनीले नयाँ सरकारी कर नीतिले नाफामा कस्तो प्रभाव पार्छ भन्ने मूल्याङ्कन गर्छ।
Conclusion (निष्कर्ष)
Environment analysis process helps organizations understand environmental changes and make better strategic decisions.
पर्यावरण विश्लेषण प्रक्रियाले संस्थालाई वातावरणमा भएका परिवर्तन बुझ्न र उचित रणनीतिक निर्णय लिन मद्दत गर्छ।
Meaning of Environmental Scanning
Environmental scanning refers to the systematic process of collecting, examining, and interpreting information about the internal and external environment of an organization in order to understand changes and their possible effects on business activities. It helps managers become aware of opportunities that can be utilized and threats that should be avoided.
In broader terms, environmental scanning means continuously observing economic, social, political, technological, and competitive factors that influence business operations and decision-making. Through this process, organizations remain informed about changes in their surroundings and can adjust their strategies accordingly.
Environmental scanning also means monitoring trends, events, and relationships in the business environment so that organizations can plan effectively and respond quickly to environmental changes. It acts as an early warning system that helps businesses anticipate future developments and reduce uncertainty in managerial decisions.
In simple language, environmental scanning is the careful study and evaluation of the surrounding environment of a business to understand present conditions and predict future changes that may affect the organization.
Environmental Scanning को अर्थ (Meaning)
Environmental Scanning भन्नाले संस्थालाई प्रभाव पार्ने आन्तरिक र बाह्य वातावरण सम्बन्धी जानकारीलाई व्यवस्थित रूपमा संकलन, अध्ययन र विश्लेषण गर्ने प्रक्रियालाई बुझिन्छ। यस प्रक्रियाबाट व्यवसायले आफ्नो वरिपरि हुने परिवर्तन, अवसर (opportunities) र जोखिम वा चुनौती (threats) को बारेमा जानकारी प्राप्त गर्दछ।
सरल भाषामा भन्नुपर्दा, व्यवसायलाई असर गर्ने आर्थिक, सामाजिक, राजनीतिक, प्राविधिक तथा प्रतिस्पर्धात्मक अवस्थाको अध्ययन गर्ने प्रक्रियालाई Environmental Scanning भनिन्छ।
यसले संस्थालाई वातावरणमा भइरहेको परिवर्तनबारे सचेत बनाउँछ र भविष्यका लागि सही योजना र निर्णय गर्न मद्दत गर्दछ।
अर्को अर्थमा, Environmental Scanning भनेको व्यवसायको वरिपरि रहेको वातावरणको निरन्तर अवलोकन र विश्लेषण गरी संस्थाको विकास र रणनीति निर्माणका लागि आवश्यक जानकारी प्राप्त गर्ने प्रक्रिया हो।
Types of Environmental Scanning
1. Concentrated Environmental Scanning
Concentrated environmental scanning refers to focusing on a limited number of important environmental factors that are directly related to the organization’s activities. In this type, the organization does not study all environmental elements but concentrates only on specific areas that are most relevant to its operations.
Example:
A company may focus only on market demand, competitors, and price of raw materials.
2. Comprehensive Environmental Scanning
Comprehensive environmental scanning refers to the detailed and systematic study of all environmental factors that may influence an organization. It includes examining a wide range of elements such as economic, political, social, technological, and legal factors.
Example:
A company studies government policies, economic conditions, technological changes, customer behavior, and competition to understand the overall business environment.
1. Concentrated Environmental Scanning (केन्द्रित वातावरणीय स्क्यानिङ)
Concentrated environmental scanning भन्नाले वातावरणका केही महत्वपूर्ण र विशेष क्षेत्रहरूमा मात्र ध्यान केन्द्रित गरेर जानकारी संकलन र विश्लेषण गर्ने प्रक्रियालाई बुझिन्छ। यसमा संस्था सबै पक्षहरू अध्ययन नगरी आफ्नो व्यवसायसँग प्रत्यक्ष सम्बन्ध भएका सीमित कारकहरूमा मात्र केन्द्रित हुन्छ।
उदाहरण:
एउटा उद्योगले केवल बजारको माग, प्रतिस्पर्धी कम्पनी र कच्चा पदार्थको मूल्य जस्ता पक्षहरू मात्र अध्ययन गर्नु।
2. Comprehensive Environmental Scanning (व्यापक वातावरणीय स्क्यानिङ)
Comprehensive environmental scanning भन्नाले व्यवसायलाई प्रभाव पार्ने सबै प्रकारका आन्तरिक र बाह्य वातावरणीय पक्षहरूको विस्तृत रूपमा अध्ययन र विश्लेषण गर्ने प्रक्रियालाई बुझिन्छ। यसमा संस्था आर्थिक, सामाजिक, राजनीतिक, प्राविधिक, कानुनी तथा प्रतिस्पर्धात्मक सबै पक्षहरूको अध्ययन गर्छ।
उदाहरण:
कुनै कम्पनीले सरकारी नीति, आर्थिक अवस्था, प्रविधि परिवर्तन, ग्राहक व्यवहार, प्रतिस्पर्धा आदि सबै वातावरणीय पक्षहरूको विस्तृत विश्लेषण गर्नु।
✅ छोटो रूपमा:
- Concentrated scanning: सीमित र महत्वपूर्ण पक्षहरूमा केन्द्रित अध्ययन।
- Comprehensive scanning: सबै वातावरणीय पक्षहरूको विस्तृत अध्ययन।
तपाईंले पठाउनुभएको चित्र Environmental Scanning Process (वातावरणीय सूक्ष्म परीक्षण प्रक्रिया) को विस्तृत व्याख्या हो। यो विषय Business Environment मा धेरै महत्वपूर्ण हुन्छ र प्रायः 15–20 marks को प्रश्न पनि आउँछ। तल विस्तृत रूपमा व्याख्या गरिएको छ।
Environmental Scanning Process
(वातावरणीय सूक्ष्म परीक्षण प्रक्रिया)
परिचय
Environmental scanning process भनेको व्यवसायलाई असर गर्ने आन्तरिक र बाह्य वातावरणका तत्वहरूको अध्ययन, विश्लेषण र मूल्याङ्कन गर्ने प्रक्रिया हो। यस प्रक्रियाबाट संगठनले भविष्यमा आउने अवसर (Opportunity) र खतरा (Threat) को पहिचान गर्न सक्छ।
आजको प्रतिस्पर्धात्मक बजारमा व्यवसाय सफल हुनका लागि वातावरणमा भइरहेका परिवर्तनहरू बुझ्नु अत्यन्त आवश्यक हुन्छ। त्यसैले संस्थाले योजनाबद्ध रूपमा वातावरणीय विश्लेषण गर्छ।
Environmental Scanning Process का चरणहरू
A. Study the Forces and Nature of the Environment
(वातावरणका शक्ति र प्रकृतिको अध्ययन)
यस चरणमा व्यवसायले वातावरणमा रहेका विभिन्न शक्तिहरूको अध्ययन गर्छ।
यसले निम्न कुराहरू बुझ्न मद्दत गर्छ:
- बजारको माग कस्तो छ
- प्रतिस्पर्धी कति छन्
- प्रविधि कति छिटो परिवर्तन भइरहेको छ
- सरकारको नीति व्यवसाय अनुकूल छ कि छैन
उदाहरण
यदि बजारमा इलेक्ट्रिक गाडीको माग बढ्दैछ भने कम्पनीले त्यस क्षेत्रमा लगानी गर्न सक्छ।
. External Environment (बाह्य वातावरण)
बाह्य वातावरण भन्नाले संस्थाभन्दा बाहिर रहेका तत्वहरू जनाउँछ जसले व्यवसायलाई प्रत्यक्ष वा अप्रत्यक्ष रूपमा प्रभाव पार्छ।
मुख्य तत्वहरू
- Economic factors – मुद्रास्फीति, आय स्तर, आर्थिक वृद्धि
- Political factors – सरकारी नीति, कर व्यवस्था
- Social factors – संस्कृति, जनसंख्या, जीवनशैली
- Technological factors – नयाँ प्रविधि, डिजिटल प्रणाली
- Competitive factors – प्रतिस्पर्धी संस्था
उदाहरण
Simara क्षेत्रमा उद्योग सञ्चालन गर्दा
- सरकारको औद्योगिक नीति
- श्रमिकको उपलब्धता
- कच्चा पदार्थको मूल्य
जस्ता तत्वहरूले उद्योगलाई प्रभाव पार्छन्।
. Internal Environment (आन्तरिक वातावरण)
आन्तरिक वातावरण भन्नाले संस्थाभित्र रहेका स्रोत र तत्वहरू जनाउँछ जसले संस्थाको कार्यक्षमता निर्धारण गर्छ।
मुख्य तत्वहरू
- Human resources – कर्मचारी र व्यवस्थापक
- Financial resources – पूँजी र लगानी
- Physical resources – भवन, मेसिन, उपकरण
- Organizational culture – संगठनको मूल्य र संस्कार
उदाहरण
यदि कम्पनीमा दक्ष कर्मचारी र राम्रो व्यवस्थापन छ भने कम्पनीले बजारमा राम्रो प्रतिस्पर्धा गर्न सक्छ।
B. Determination of Information Sources
(सूचनाका स्रोत निर्धारण)
Environmental scanning गर्नका लागि विश्वसनीय जानकारी आवश्यक हुन्छ। त्यसैले संस्थाले जानकारी कहाँबाट प्राप्त गर्ने भन्ने निर्णय गर्छ।
प्रमुख स्रोतहरू
1. Secondary sources
- पुस्तक
- अनुसन्धान रिपोर्ट
- सरकारी प्रकाशन
2. Mass media
- टेलिभिजन
- रेडियो
- पत्रपत्रिका
- इन्टरनेट
3. Formal studies
- अनुसन्धान
- सर्वेक्षण
- बजार अध्ययन
4. Internal sources
- कम्पनीका वार्षिक रिपोर्ट
- कर्मचारीहरूको सुझाव
- आन्तरिक बैठक
C. Determine the Technique of Environmental Scanning
(वातावरणीय परीक्षणको प्रविधि निर्धारण)
जानकारी सङ्कलन भएपछि त्यसलाई विश्लेषण गर्न उपयुक्त विधि वा प्रविधि प्रयोग गरिन्छ।
मुख्य प्रविधि
1. Executive Opinion
यसमा कम्पनीका उच्च व्यवस्थापकहरूको अनुभव र राय प्रयोग गरिन्छ।
उदाहरण:
CEO वा Manager ले बजारको अवस्था अनुसार निर्णय गर्छन्।
2. Expert Opinion
यस विधिमा विशेषज्ञहरूको सुझाव लिइन्छ।
उदाहरण:
आर्थिक विशेषज्ञ वा उद्योग विशेषज्ञको सल्लाह।
3. Delphi Technique
यसमा विशेषज्ञहरूको समूहबाट चरणबद्ध रूपमा राय सङ्कलन गरिन्छ।
सबै विशेषज्ञको रायलाई विश्लेषण गरेर निष्कर्ष निकालिन्छ।
D. Scan and Assess the Trend
(प्रवृत्तिको परीक्षण र मूल्याङ्कन)
यो अन्तिम चरण हो। यसमा संकलित जानकारीको विश्लेषण गरेर भविष्यका अवसर र खतरा पहिचान गरिन्छ।
Opportunity (अवसर)
- नयाँ बजार
- नयाँ प्रविधि
- सरकारी सुविधा
Threat (खतरा)
- कडा प्रतिस्पर्धा
- आर्थिक संकट
- कच्चा पदार्थको अभाव
उदाहरण
नेपालमा Digital payment system बढ्दै जानु बैंक तथा fintech कम्पनीका लागि ठूलो अवसर हो।
Environmental Scanning Process को महत्व
- व्यवसायलाई वातावरणका परिवर्तनबारे जानकारी दिन्छ।
- भविष्यका अवसर पहिचान गर्न मद्दत गर्छ।
- सम्भावित खतरा घटाउन सहयोग गर्छ।
- रणनीतिक योजना बनाउन सहयोग गर्छ।
- प्रतिस्पर्धामा टिक्न मद्दत गर्छ।
✅ निष्कर्ष
Environmental scanning process व्यवसाय व्यवस्थापनको महत्वपूर्ण उपकरण हो। यसले संगठनलाई आन्तरिक र बाह्य वातावरणको अध्ययन गर्न, अवसरको उपयोग गर्न तथा जोखिमबाट बच्न मद्दत गर्छ। यस कारणले दीर्घकालीन सफलताको लागि यो प्रक्रिया अत्यन्त आवश्यक मानिन्छ।
Environmental Scanning Process
Introduction
Environmental scanning process refers to the systematic study, analysis, and evaluation of internal and external environmental factors that affect business organizations. Through this process, an organization can identify opportunities and threats in the business environment and make effective strategic decisions.
In the modern competitive business world, the environment changes rapidly due to technology, globalization, and government policies. Therefore, organizations must continuously monitor and analyze the environment to survive and grow.
Steps in Environmental Scanning Process
3. Study the Forces and Nature of the Environment
At this stage, the organization studies the nature, strength, and impact of different environmental forces. This helps managers understand how environmental factors influence business activities.
Managers analyze questions such as:
- What are the major market trends?
- How strong is the competition?
- What technological changes are occurring?
- What government policies affect the business?
Example
If the demand for electric vehicles is increasing, automobile companies may invest more in electric car production.
1. External Environment
External environment refers to the factors outside the organization that influence business activities. These factors are not under the direct control of the organization but greatly affect its performance.
Major external factors
- Economic factors: inflation, income level, economic growth
- Political and legal factors: government policies, taxation, regulations
- Social and cultural factors: traditions, values, population structure
- Technological factors: innovation, automation, digital systems
- Competitive factors: number of competitors, market competition
Example
If the government increases taxes on industries, production costs will increase and businesses may earn lower profits.
2. Internal Environment
Internal environment includes the factors within the organization that influence its efficiency and performance.
Main internal factors
- Human resources: employees, managers, skills and experience
- Financial resources: capital, investment, profitability
- Physical resources: machinery, buildings, equipment
- Organizational culture: values, beliefs, and working environment
Example
If a company has skilled employees and strong management, it can compete effectively in the market.
4. Determination of Information Sources
To analyze the environment, organizations must collect reliable information from various sources. Therefore, they determine the sources of information.
Major sources of information
1. Secondary sources
- Books
- Research reports
- Government publications
- Journals
2. Mass media
- Television
- Newspapers
- Radio
- Internet
3. Formal studies
- Market surveys
- Research studies
- Customer analysis
4. Internal sources
- Company records
- Annual reports
- Employee feedback
5. Determine the Technique of Environmental Scanning
After collecting information, organizations select appropriate techniques to analyze environmental data.
Main techniques
1. Executive Opinion
Managers and executives use their experience, knowledge, and judgment to analyze environmental trends and make decisions.
2. Expert Opinion
Specialists and professionals in a particular field provide their expert advice and analysis.
3. Delphi Technique
This technique collects opinions from a group of experts through several rounds of questionnaires until a common conclusion is reached.
6. Scan and Assess the Trend
This is the final stage of the environmental scanning process. In this stage, organizations analyze the collected information to identify opportunities and threats.
Opportunity
Favorable conditions that help business growth.
Examples:
- new markets
- new technologies
- government incentives
Threat
Unfavorable conditions that may harm business performance.
Examples:
- strong competition
- economic recession
- shortage of raw materials
Importance of Environmental Scanning
- Helps organizations understand environmental changes.
- Identifies opportunities for business growth.
- Reduces potential risks and threats.
- Helps in strategic planning and decision-making.
- Improves competitive advantage.
✅ Conclusion
Environmental scanning is an essential process in business management. It enables organizations to study internal and external environmental factors, identify opportunities and threats, and develop effective strategies for long-term success.
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