BBS 4th yr citation


📘 Citation and References in the Text of Report (APA Style)

Citation means giving credit to the original author when we use their ideas, words, or research in our report.

In business academics of Nepal, APA style is commonly used.

Methods of Citation in the Text of report

1. Short Citation (Less than 3 lines)

When a quotation is three lines or less, it is written:

  • Inside double quotation marks (“ ”)
  • Within the same paragraph
  • Author’s surname + year + page number in bracket

Example:

According to Robbins (2019), “Management is the process of coordinating work activities efficiently and effectively” (p. 5).

OR

“Management is the process of coordinating work activities efficiently and effectively” (Robbins, 2019, p. 5).

2. Long Citation (More than 3 lines)

When a quotation is more than three lines:

  • Written in a separate paragraph
  • Indented from left
  • No quotation marks used
  • Author name, year, and page number mentioned

Example:

Robbins (2019) stated:

Management involves planning, organizing, leading and controlling  
the work of organization members and using all available resources  
to achieve organizational goals efficiently and effectively. (p. 7)

3. Use of Ellipses (….)

When some words are removed from the original quotation, we use three dots (…)

Example:

“Management is the process of coordinating work activities … efficiently and effectively” (Robbins, 2019, p. 5).

This shows that some words are omitted.

4. Indirect Quotation (Paraphrasing)

When we write the author’s idea in our own words, it is called paraphrasing.

  • No quotation marks used
  • Author and year must be mentioned
  • Page number is optional but better to include

Example:

Management is the process of planning and controlling organizational activities to achieve goals (Robbins, 2019).

OR

Robbins (2019) explains that management includes planning, organizing, leading and controlling activities.

5. Footnote

Footnote is additional information given at the bottom of the page. In APA style, footnotes are rarely used, but sometimes used for explanation.

Example:

Management is essential for every organization.¹

¹ Management helps in proper use of resources.

6. Abbreviations

When using abbreviation:

  • Write full form first time
  • Then use short form

Example:

First time: World Trade Organization (WTO, 2020) stated that trade improves economic growth.

Second time: According to WTO (2020), international trade has increased globally.

7. Citation Style When There is One or More Writers

(a) One Author

(Robbins, 2019)

(b) Two Authors

(Robbins & Coulter, 2020)

(c) Three or More Authors

(Koirala et al., 2021)

(d) Organization as Author

(World Bank, 2022)


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