BBS 4th yr citation


📘 Citation and References in the Text of Report (APA Style)

Citation means giving credit to the original author when we use their ideas, words, or research in our report.

In business academics of Nepal, APA style is commonly used.

Methods of Citation in the Text of report

1. Short Citation (Less than 3 lines)

When a quotation is three lines or less, it is written:

  • Inside double quotation marks (“ ”)
  • Within the same paragraph
  • Author’s surname + year + page number in bracket

Example:

According to Robbins (2019), “Management is the process of coordinating work activities efficiently and effectively” (p. 5).

OR

“Management is the process of coordinating work activities efficiently and effectively” (Robbins, 2019, p. 5).

2. Long Citation (More than 3 lines)

When a quotation is more than three lines:

  • Written in a separate paragraph
  • Indented from left
  • No quotation marks used
  • Author name, year, and page number mentioned

Example:

Robbins (2019) stated:

Management involves planning, organizing, leading and controlling  
the work of organization members and using all available resources  
to achieve organizational goals efficiently and effectively. (p. 7)

3. Use of Ellipses (….)

When some words are removed from the original quotation, we use three dots (…)

Example:

“Management is the process of coordinating work activities … efficiently and effectively” (Robbins, 2019, p. 5).

This shows that some words are omitted.

4. Indirect Quotation (Paraphrasing)

When we write the author’s idea in our own words, it is called paraphrasing.

  • No quotation marks used
  • Author and year must be mentioned
  • Page number is optional but better to include

Example:

Management is the process of planning and controlling organizational activities to achieve goals (Robbins, 2019).

OR

Robbins (2019) explains that management includes planning, organizing, leading and controlling activities.

5. Footnote

Footnote is additional information given at the bottom of the page. In APA style, footnotes are rarely used, but sometimes used for explanation.

Example:

Management is essential for every organization.¹

¹ Management helps in proper use of resources.

6. Abbreviations

When using abbreviation:

  • Write full form first time
  • Then use short form

Example:

First time: World Trade Organization (WTO, 2020) stated that trade improves economic growth.

Second time: According to WTO (2020), international trade has increased globally.

7. Citation Style When There is One or More Writers

(a) One Author

(Robbins, 2019)

(b) Two Authors

(Robbins & Coulter, 2020)

(c) Three or More Authors

(Koirala et al., 2021)

(d) Organization as Author

(World Bank, 2022)

References in APA Format (7th Edition)

In APA (American Psychological Association) style, the reference list is written at the end of a research paper under the heading References (centered and bold).

Here are the main rules and examples in simple language:

🔹 Basic Rules of APA References

  1. Write References at the top (centered).
  2. Arrange entries in alphabetical order (A–Z) by author’s last name.
  3. Use hanging indentation (first line normal, second line indented).
  4. Use double spacing.
  5. Write the author’s last name first, then initials.
  6. Year of publication comes in (brackets) after the author’s name.
  7. Book and journal titles are written in italic.

📚 1. Book Reference Format

Format:

Author, A. A. (Year). Title of the book. Publisher.

Example:

Sharma, R. P. (2020). Business environment in Nepal. Asmita Publication.

If there are two authors:

Karki, S., & Thapa, M. (2021). Research methodology. Buddha Academic Publisher.

📘 2. Journal Article Format

Format:

Author, A. A. (Year). Title of the article. Journal Name, Volume(Issue), Page numbers. https://doi.org/xxxxx

Example:

Acharya, B. (2019). Impact of industrialization on local economy. Journal of Business Studies, 12(2), 45–60. https://doi.org/10.3126/jbs.v12i2.2345

🌐 3. Website Reference Format

Format:

Author, A. A. (Year, Month Date). Title of the webpage. Website Name. URL

Example:

Ministry of Finance. (2023, July 10). Economic survey 2023. Government of Nepal. https://www.mof.gov.np

If no author:

World Bank. (2022). Nepal development update. https://www.worldbank.org

📖 4. Edited Book Format

Format:

Editor, A. A. (Ed.). (Year). Title of the book. Publisher.

Example:

Adhikari, P. (Ed.). (2021). Contemporary issues in management. Heritage Publication

Thapa, S. (2022). Research design in management. In P. Adhikari (Ed.), Contemporary issues in management (pp. 45–60). Heritage Publication.


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