BBS 4 th yr Research: chapter 4: measurement scaling and sampling

 Variables and Types of Variables


What is a Variable?

A variable is anything that can change or vary from one situation to another. It can take different values such as numbers, categories, attitudes, or behaviors. Variables help researchers understand cause-and-effect relationships.


Types of Variables


1. Independent Variable (IV)

An independent variable is the variable that the researcher controls or uses to predict something. It is the cause or influencing factor.

Example: Study hours influence exam scores. Here, study hours = independent variable.


2. Dependent Variable (DV)

A dependent variable changes because of the independent variable. It is the effect or outcome being measured.

Example: Exam score depends on study hours. Here, exam score = dependent variable.


3. Moderating Variable

A moderating variable strengthens, weakens, or changes the relationship between the independent and dependent variables.

Example: Motivation level changes how study hours affect exam scores. Motivation = moderating variable.


4. Intervening Variable (Mediating Variable)

An intervening variable comes between the independent and dependent variable and explains how or why one affects the other.

Example: Study hours → Understanding → Exam score. Understanding = intervening variable.


Summary Table:

Independent Variable: Cause or predictor → Example: Study hours

Dependent Variable: Effect or outcome → Example: Exam score

Moderating Variable: Changes relationship → Example: Motivation

Intervening Variable: Explains relationship → Example: Understanding


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