OB-BBS 2nd yr-Chapter 2

 

अपरेन्ट कन्डिसनिङ (Operant Conditioning) सिद्धान्त

(१५ अङ्कको परीक्षामुखी उत्तर)

अपरेन्ट कन्डिसनिङ सिद्धान्त व्यवहारवादी मनोवैज्ञानिक बी. एफ. स्किनर (B. F. Skinner) द्वारा प्रतिपादन गरिएको सिकाइसम्बन्धी सिद्धान्त हो। यस सिद्धान्तअनुसार सिकाइ भनेको व्यवहारको परिणाम (consequences) का आधारमा व्यवहारमा आउने परिवर्तन हो। कुनै व्यवहारपछि यदि पुरस्कार वा प्रोत्साहन प्राप्त भयो भने त्यो व्यवहार दोहोरिने सम्भावना बढ्छ, र यदि दण्ड प्राप्त भयो भने त्यस्तो व्यवहार घट्दै जान्छ। यसरी वातावरणसँगको अन्तरक्रियाबाट व्यवहार सिकिन्छ।

परिभाषा

अपरेन्ट कन्डिसनिङ भनेको यस्तो सिकाइ प्रक्रिया हो जसमा व्यवहारपछि आउने प्रोत्साहन वा दण्डले त्यस व्यवहारको आवृत्ति निर्धारण गर्छ।

अपरेन्ट कन्डिसनिङका मुख्य तत्त्वहरू

१. प्रोत्साहन (Reinforcement)

प्रोत्साहन भनेको कुनै व्यवहारलाई बढाउने प्रक्रिया हो।

(क) सकारात्मक प्रोत्साहन (Positive Reinforcement)
राम्रो व्यवहारपछि सुखद कुरा थप्नु।

  • उदाहरण: राम्रो पढाइका लागि विद्यार्थीलाई पुरस्कार दिनु
  • उदाहरण: राम्रो कामका लागि कर्मचारीलाई प्रशंसा वा बोनस दिनु

(ख) नकारात्मक प्रोत्साहन (Negative Reinforcement)
राम्रो व्यवहारपछि अप्रिय कुरा हटाउनु।

  • उदाहरण: गृहकार्य राम्रो गरेपछि थप गृहकार्य नदिनु
  • उदाहरण: समयमै काम गरेपछि कडाइ हटाउनु

⚠️ नकारात्मक प्रोत्साहन दण्ड होइन।

२. दण्ड (Punishment)

दण्डको उद्देश्य नचाहिने व्यवहार घटाउनु हो।

(क) सकारात्मक दण्ड (Positive Punishment)
नराम्रो व्यवहारपछि अप्रिय कुरा थप्नु।

  • उदाहरण: कक्षामा हल्ला गर्दा सजाय दिनु

(ख) नकारात्मक दण्ड (Negative Punishment)
नराम्रो व्यवहारपछि राम्रो कुरा हटाउनु।

  • उदाहरण: मोबाइल खोस्नु
  • उदाहरण: खेल्ने समय घटाउनु

स्किनर बक्स प्रयोग

स्किनरले स्किनर बक्स नामक उपकरण प्रयोग गरेर जनावरमा प्रयोग गरे।
जब मुसाले लीभर थिच्यो, उसले खाना पायो। खाना प्रोत्साहन बनेर काम गर्‍यो, र मुसाले त्यो व्यवहार बारम्बार दोहोर्‍यायो। यसले देखायो कि व्यवहार प्रोत्साहनबाट सिकिन्छ।

प्रोत्साहनका तालिकाहरू (Schedules of Reinforcement)

  • निरन्तर प्रोत्साहन – प्रत्येक सही व्यवहारमा पुरस्कार
  • आंशिक प्रोत्साहन – कहिलेकाहीँ मात्र पुरस्कार
    • निश्चित अनुपात
    • परिवर्तनीय अनुपात
    • निश्चित अन्तराल
    • परिवर्तनीय अन्तराल

प्रयोग क्षेत्र

  • शिक्षा क्षेत्रमा: विद्यार्थीको अध्ययन अभिरुचि बढाउन
  • परिवारमा: अनुशासन विकास गर्न
  • संस्थामा: कर्मचारीलाई उत्प्रेरित गर्न
  • मनोचिकित्सामा: व्यवहार परिमार्जन गर्न

सीमितताहरू

  • आन्तरिक सोच र भावना उपेक्षा गर्छ
  • दण्डको अत्यधिक प्रयोगले डर र तनाव बढाउँछ
  • जटिल सिकाइको पूर्ण व्याख्या गर्न सक्दैन

निष्कर्ष

अपरेन्ट कन्डिसनिङ सिद्धान्त व्यवहार सिकाइको व्यावहारिक र प्रभावकारी सिद्धान्त हो। सही रूपमा प्रयोग गर्दा यसले सकारात्मक व्यवहार विकास गर्न ठूलो योगदान पुर्‍याउँछ।


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